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1 alternative target
Военный термин: запасная цель -
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3 alternative target
English-Russian dictionary of terms that are used in computer games > alternative target
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Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > alternative target
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5 target
объект; цель; мишень; задача; задание; норма; заданный показатель [срок]; конечный пункт; пункт назначения; заданное значение; норматив ( боевой подготовки) ; программировать траекторию ( ракеты) ; нацеливать; прицеливать; ставить задачу на удар [стрельбу] по цели; наводить; подготавливать огонь; приводить ( оружие) к нормальному бою, пристреливать; определять разнобой ( орудий) ; засекать ( цель) ;flare drop tow(ed) target — буксируемая мишень, отстреливающая ИК ловушки
pass the target (to) — передавать цель (напр. в другой сектор)
— aerial training target— hardened target— heat contrast target— interdiction-type target— pay off target— personnel-type target— prone silhouette target— scheduled nuclear target— shore-based target— towed target -
6 target
цель; мишень; конечный пункт; пункт назначения; надувной макет; заданное значение ( регулируемого параметра) ; намеченный, запланированный, расчётныйkeep the "pipper" on target — держать перекрестие прицела на цели
low(-altitude, -flying, -level) target — низколетящая [низколетающая] цель или мишень
point at the target — направлять на [в] цель
— - source target -
7 alternative hypothesis
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8 запасная цель
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9 system
система; комплекс; средство; способ; метод; сеть (напр. дорог) ;aiming-navigation system (analog, digital) — прицельно-навигационная система (аналоговая, цифровая)
air observation, acquisition and fire control system — (бортовая) система воздушной разведки, засечки целей и управления огнем
air support aircraft ECM (equipment) system — (бортовая) система РЭП для самолетов авиационной поддержки
airborne (ground) target acquisition and illumination laser system — ав. бортовая лазерная система обнаружения и подсветки (наземных) целей
airborne (ground) targeting and laser designator system — ав. бортовая лазерная система обнаружения и целеуказания (наземных целей)
airborne laser illumination, ranging and tracking system — ав. бортовая система лазерной подсветки, определения дальности и сопровождения цели
artillery (nuclear) delivery system — артиллерийская система доставки (ядерного) боеприпаса (к цели)
C2 system — система оперативного управления; система руководства и управления
C3 system — система руководства, управления и связи; система оперативного управления и связи
channel and message switching (automatic) communications system — АСС с коммутацией каналов и сообщений
country-fair type rotation system (of instruction) — метод одновременного обучения [опроса] нескольких учебных групп (переходящих от одного объекта изучения к другому)
dual-capable (conventional/nuclear) weapon delivery system — система доставки (обычного или ядерного) боеприпаса к цели
electromagnetic emitters identification, location and suppression system — система обнаружения, опознавания и подавления источников электромагнитных излучений [излучающих РЭС]
field antimissile (missile) system — полевой [войсковой] ПРК
fire-on-the-move (air defense) gun system — подвижный зенитный артиллерийский комплекс для стрельбы в движении [на ходу]
fluidic (missile) control system — ркт. гидравлическая [струйная] система управления полетом
forward (area) air defense system — система ПВО передового района; ЗРК для войсковой ПВО передового района
graduated (availability) operational readiness system — Бр. система поэтапной боевой готовности (частей и соединений)
high-resolution satellite IR detection, tracking and targeting system — спутниковая система с ИК аппаратурой высокой разрешающей способности для обнаружения, сопровождения целей и наведения средств поражения
ICBM (alarm and) early warning satellite system — спутниковая система обнаружения пусков МБР и раннего предупреждения (средств ПРО)
information storage, tracking and retrieval system — система накопления, хранения и поиска информации
instantaneous grenade launcher (armored vehicle) smoke system — гранатомет (БМ) для быстрой постановки дымовой завесы
Precision Location [Locator] (and) Strike system — высокоточная система обеспечения обнаружения и поражения целей; высокоточный разведывательно-ударный комплекс
rapid deceleration (parachute) delivery system — парашютная система выброски грузов с быстрым торможением
real time, high-resolution reconnaissance satellite system — спутниковая разведывательная система с высокой разрешающей способностью аппаратуры и передачей информации в реальном масштабе времени
received signal-oriented (output) jamming signal power-adjusting ECM system — система РЭП с автоматическим регулированием уровня помех в зависимости от мощности принимаемого сигнала
sea-based nuclear (weapon) delivery system — система морского базирования доставки ядерного боеприпаса к цели
small surface-to-air ship self-defense (missile) system — ЗРК ближнего действия для самообороны корабля
Status Control, Alerting and Reporting system — система оповещения, контроля и уточнения состояния [боевой готовности] сил и средств
surface missile (weapon) system — наземный [корабельный] РК
target acquisition, rapid designation and precise aiming system — комплекс аппаратуры обнаружения цели, быстрого целеуказания и точного прицеливания
— ABM defense system— antimissile missile system— central weapon system— countersurprise military system— laser surveying system— tank weapon system— vertical launching system— weapons system -
10 tratar
v.1 to treat (comportarse con) (persona, objeto).¿qué tal te trataron? how were you treated?El médico trata al paciente The doctor treats=cures the patient.2 to have dealings or contact with.la traté muy poco I didn't have much to do with her3 to treat (tema, asunto).eso lo tienes que tratar con el jefe that's something you'll have to discuss with the boss4 to treat.5 to treat (agua, sustancia, alimento).6 to process (computing) (datos, información).Ellos tratan el cuero They process the leather.7 to deal.Las empresas trataron The companies made a deal.8 to try, to make a trial, to attempt it, to attempt.Ella trató por mucho tiempo She tried for a long time.9 to handle, to maneuver, to manoeuvre.Ellos tratan sus pensamientos They handle their thoughts.* * *1 (gen - objeto) to treat, handle; (- persona) to treat2 (asunto, tema) to discuss, deal with3 (gestionar) to handle, run4 (dar tratamiento) to address as5 (calificar, considerar) to consider, call6 MEDICINA to treat7 (datos, texto) to process8 QUÍMICA to treat2 (tener tratos) to deal ( con, with)3 (negociar) to negotiate ( con, with)4 (intentar) to try (de, to)5 (versar) to be about■ trata de/sobre espías it's about spies6 COMERCIO to deal (en, in)1 (relacionarse) to talk to each other, be on speaking terms2 (llamarse) to address each other as, call each other3 (referirse) to be about\se trata de... it's a question of..., it's a matter of...* * *verb1) to treat2) handle•- tratar de* * *1. VT1) [+ persona, animal, objeto] to treathay que tratar a los animales con cariño — animals should be given plenty of affection, animals should be treated lovingly
te dejo la cámara, pero trátala bien — I'll let you have the camera, but be careful with it o treat it carefully
la vida la ha tratado muy bien — life has been very kind to her, life has treated her very well
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tratar a algn de loco — to treat sb like a madman2) (=llamar)¿cómo le tenemos que tratar cuando nos hable? — how should we address him when he speaks to us?
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tratar a algn de algo — to call sb sthtratar a algn de tú/usted — to address sb as "tú"/"usted"
3) (=relacionarse con)tratar a algn: ya no lo trato — I no longer have any dealings with him
me cae bien, pero no la he tratado mucho — I like her, but I haven't had a lot to do with her
4) (Med) [+ paciente, enfermedad] to treat¿qué médico te está tratando? — which doctor is giving you treatment?
5) [+ tejido, madera, residuos] to treat6) (=discutir) [+ tema] to deal with; [+ acuerdo, paz] to negotiateeste asunto tiene que tratarlo directamente con el director — you'll have to speak directly with the manager about this matter
7) (Inform) to process2. VI1)• tratar de — [libro] to be about, deal with; [personas] to talk about, discuss
ahora van a tratar del programa — they're going to talk about o discuss the programme now
2) (=intentar)•
tratar de hacer algo — to try to do sth•
tratar de que, trataré de que esta sea la última vez — I'll try to make sure that this is the last timetrata por todos los medios de que el trabajo esté acabado para mañana — try and do whatever you can to make sure that the job is done by tomorrow
3) (=relacionarse)•
tratar con algn, trato con todo tipo de gente — I deal with all sorts of peopleno había tratado con personas de esa clase — I had not previously come into contact with people like that
para tratar con animales hay que tener mucha paciencia — you have to be very patient when dealing with animals
4) (Com)•
tratar con o en algo — to deal in sthtrataban con o en pieles — they dealt in furs, they were involved in the fur trade
3.See:* * *1.verbo intransitivo1) ( intentar) to trytratar de + inf — to try to + inf
tratar de que + subj: trata de que queden a la misma altura try to get them level; trataré de que no vuelva a suceder — I'll try to make sure it doesn't happen again
2) obra/libro/película¿de qué trata el libro? — what's the book about?
3) (tener contacto, relaciones)4) (Com)2.tratar vt1)a) <persona/animal/instrumento> (+ compl) to treatb) ( llamar)tratar a alguien de usted/tú — to address somebody using the polite usted or the more familiar tú form
2) ( frecuentar)3) <tema/asunto> to deal with4)a) <paciente/enfermedad> to treatb) <sustancia/metal> to treat3.tratarse v pron1)a)tratarse con alguien — ( ser amigo de) to be friendly with somebody; ( alternar) to socialize o mix with somebody
b) (recípr)2) (+ compl)a) (recípr)se tratan de usted/tú — they address each other as `usted'/`tu'
se tratan sin ningún respeto — they have o show no respect for each other
b) (refl) ( cuidarse)tratarse bien/mal — to look after oneself well/not to look after oneself
3) (Med) to have o undergo treatment4) tratarse de (en 3a pers)a) ( ser acerca de) to be about¿de qué se trata? — what's it about?
b) ( ser cuestión de)se trata de arreglar la situación, no de discutir — we're supposed to be settling things, not arguing
si sólo se trata de eso... — if that's all it is...
* * *= address, approach, consider (as), cover, discuss, focus on/upon, get to, go into, handle, manipulate, tackle, treat, turn to, broach, give + treatment, play with, speak to, treat, pick up on, meet.Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado y participio met.Ex. The inclusion of vendors and publishers allows everyone to address sticky business relationships head-on.Ex. The searcher may be the end user, but the end user is approaching the search in some ignorance of his real requirements, or of the literature that might be available to meet those requirements.Ex. A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.Ex. The schedules are divided into two parts, one covering music scores and parts and the other concerned with music literature.Ex. This review also illustrates some of the issues which cataloguers have discussed over the years, and demonstrates other solutions to standards in cataloguing than those embodied in modern cataloguing codes.Ex. In a text such as this which focuses primarily upon controlled indexing languages and systems it is difficult to place natural language indexing in a appropriate context.Ex. 'I'll get to that, I promise! but right now I have a budget to work on!'.Ex. Although the description given here is quite lengthy, many points are glossed over, and the Manual goes into these and a number of others at length.Ex. An author's name is usually shorter than a title, and thus is arguably easier to handle and remember.Ex. Different stores offer access to distinct types of information or data and permit the information to be manipulated to varying extents.Ex. Chapter 2 tackles books, pamphlets and printed sheets, and chapter 3 is dedicated to cartographic materials.Ex. In troubleshooting, it is important to treat the cause as well as the symptom of the problem = En la solución de problemas, es importante tratar tanto la causa como el síntoma del problema.Ex. We shall turn to this distinction very shortly.Ex. Some of the consequences of this conclusion are broached in this article.Ex. In this five-day workshop we will play with the design and building of non-traditional interface solutions.Ex. Numerous articles in the library literature speak to this phenomenon but most deal with the experience of larger libraries.Ex. The author studies the factors which have impeded the spread of information on the use of thioctic acid to treat mushroom poisoning.Ex. The report picks up on this as a surprising finding, suggesting implicitly that open access journals are lagging behind in this regard.Ex. There may be a threat of over-capacity; if so, this could be met by diversification, an enlargement of the SLIS role.----* aguas residuales sin tratar = raw sewage, raw waste water.* atreverse a tratar = dare to + tread.* como si (se tratase de) = as if.* continuar tratando = pursue + Nombre + further.* cuando se trata de + Infinitivo = when it comes to + Gerundio.* de qué se trata = what it's all about.* difícil de tratar = unruly.* empezar a tratar = scratch + the surface of, scrape + the surface.* manera de tratar = avenue of approach.* no atraverse a tratar = fear to + tread.* ponerse a tratar + Algo = get down to + Nombre.* que trata de = surrounding.* seguir tratando = discuss + further.* sin tratar = untreated.* temer tratar = fear to + tread.* tratar Algo = get down to + Nombre, be under consideration.* tratar algo en detalle = go into + Algo + at length.* tratar Algo en profundidad = go into + Algo + at length.* tratar Algo imparcialmente = treat + Nombre + with an even hand.* tratar Algo justamente = treat + Nombre + with an even hand.* tratar Algo sin parcialismo = treat + Nombre + with an even hand.* tratar Algo sin rodeos = address + Nombre + head-on, meet + Nombre + head-on, tackle + Nombre + head-on, face + Nombre + head-on.* tratar Algo supercialmente = dabble in.* tratar como un objeto = objectify.* tratar como un personaje = lionise [lionize, -USA].* tratar (con) = negotiate (with).* tratar con bondad = kill + Nombre + with kindness, smother + Nombre + with kindness.* tratar con cloro = chlorinate.* tratar con condescendencia = patronise [patronize, -USA], condescend.* tratar con más detalle = discuss + in greater detail.* tratar con precaución = approach + with caution.* tratar con prudencia = treat with + caution, view with + caution.* tratar con respeto = treat with + respect.* tratar de = be about, be concerned with, deal with, take up, bear on, deal in.* tratar de abarcar más de lo que se puede = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.* tratar de ganar tiempo = temporise [temporize, -USA], play for + time.* tratar de igual modo = treat as + equal.* tratar de ligar = chat up.* tratar de no llamar la atención = keep + a low profile, lie + low.* tratar de pasar desapercibido = keep + a low profile, lie + low.* tratar de pasar inadvertido = keep + a low profile, lie + low.* tratar detalladamente = cover + in detail.* tratar de un modo sentimental = sentimentalise [sentimentalize, -USA].* tratar de un modo urgente = fast track.* tratar en detalle = treat + at length, discuss + at length.* tratar en profundidad = treat + in detail.* tratar específicamente = target.* tratar información = handle + information.* tratar injustamente = malign.* tratar justamente = treat + fairly.* tratar la cuestión de = get to + the issue of.* tratar la posibilidad de = discuss + the possibility of.* tratar ligeramente = skim + the surface of, touch on/upon.* tratar magníficamente = do + more than justice.* tratar mal = maltreat, manhandle.* tratar muy por encima = scratch + the surface of, scrape + the surface.* tratar por todos los medios de = take + (great) pains to.* tratar por todos los medios de + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.* tratarse de = come down to, be a question of.* tratar severamente = mete out + harsh treatment.* tratar síntomas = treat + symptoms.* tratar superficialmente = gloss over, scratch + the surface of, scrape + the surface.* tratar una cuestión = address + constraint, address + issue, address + question, consider + issue, tackle + issue, address + concern, deal with + issue, broach + issue, broach + question, grapple with + issue.* tratar una cuestión ligeramente = touch on/upon + issue.* tratar un asunto = deal with + issue.* tratar un problema = address + problem, deal with + problem, handle + problem, tackle + problem, address + limitation, grapple with + problem, treat + problem, address + concern.* tratar un problema de pasada = touch on/upon + problem.* tratar un tema = broach + subject, broach + topic, address + theme, address + topic.* tratar un tema conocido = tread + familiar ground.* tratar un tema en detalle = go into + detail.* volver a tratar = revisit.* * *1.verbo intransitivo1) ( intentar) to trytratar de + inf — to try to + inf
tratar de que + subj: trata de que queden a la misma altura try to get them level; trataré de que no vuelva a suceder — I'll try to make sure it doesn't happen again
2) obra/libro/película¿de qué trata el libro? — what's the book about?
3) (tener contacto, relaciones)4) (Com)2.tratar vt1)a) <persona/animal/instrumento> (+ compl) to treatb) ( llamar)tratar a alguien de usted/tú — to address somebody using the polite usted or the more familiar tú form
2) ( frecuentar)3) <tema/asunto> to deal with4)a) <paciente/enfermedad> to treatb) <sustancia/metal> to treat3.tratarse v pron1)a)tratarse con alguien — ( ser amigo de) to be friendly with somebody; ( alternar) to socialize o mix with somebody
b) (recípr)2) (+ compl)a) (recípr)se tratan de usted/tú — they address each other as `usted'/`tu'
se tratan sin ningún respeto — they have o show no respect for each other
b) (refl) ( cuidarse)tratarse bien/mal — to look after oneself well/not to look after oneself
3) (Med) to have o undergo treatment4) tratarse de (en 3a pers)a) ( ser acerca de) to be about¿de qué se trata? — what's it about?
b) ( ser cuestión de)se trata de arreglar la situación, no de discutir — we're supposed to be settling things, not arguing
si sólo se trata de eso... — if that's all it is...
* * *tratar (con)(v.) = negotiate (with)Ex: Their purposes was to settle the disputes between the members, to negotiate with master, to accumulate and disburse a benevolent fund, and to exact contributions for drinks and parties.
= address, approach, consider (as), cover, discuss, focus on/upon, get to, go into, handle, manipulate, tackle, treat, turn to, broach, give + treatment, play with, speak to, treat, pick up on, meet.Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado y participio met.Ex: The inclusion of vendors and publishers allows everyone to address sticky business relationships head-on.
Ex: The searcher may be the end user, but the end user is approaching the search in some ignorance of his real requirements, or of the literature that might be available to meet those requirements.Ex: A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.Ex: The schedules are divided into two parts, one covering music scores and parts and the other concerned with music literature.Ex: This review also illustrates some of the issues which cataloguers have discussed over the years, and demonstrates other solutions to standards in cataloguing than those embodied in modern cataloguing codes.Ex: In a text such as this which focuses primarily upon controlled indexing languages and systems it is difficult to place natural language indexing in a appropriate context.Ex: 'I'll get to that, I promise! but right now I have a budget to work on!'.Ex: Although the description given here is quite lengthy, many points are glossed over, and the Manual goes into these and a number of others at length.Ex: An author's name is usually shorter than a title, and thus is arguably easier to handle and remember.Ex: Different stores offer access to distinct types of information or data and permit the information to be manipulated to varying extents.Ex: Chapter 2 tackles books, pamphlets and printed sheets, and chapter 3 is dedicated to cartographic materials.Ex: In troubleshooting, it is important to treat the cause as well as the symptom of the problem = En la solución de problemas, es importante tratar tanto la causa como el síntoma del problema.Ex: We shall turn to this distinction very shortly.Ex: Some of the consequences of this conclusion are broached in this article.Ex: In this five-day workshop we will play with the design and building of non-traditional interface solutions.Ex: Numerous articles in the library literature speak to this phenomenon but most deal with the experience of larger libraries.Ex: The author studies the factors which have impeded the spread of information on the use of thioctic acid to treat mushroom poisoning.Ex: The report picks up on this as a surprising finding, suggesting implicitly that open access journals are lagging behind in this regard.Ex: There may be a threat of over-capacity; if so, this could be met by diversification, an enlargement of the SLIS role.* aguas residuales sin tratar = raw sewage, raw waste water.* atreverse a tratar = dare to + tread.* como si (se tratase de) = as if.* continuar tratando = pursue + Nombre + further.* cuando se trata de + Infinitivo = when it comes to + Gerundio.* de qué se trata = what it's all about.* difícil de tratar = unruly.* empezar a tratar = scratch + the surface of, scrape + the surface.* manera de tratar = avenue of approach.* no atraverse a tratar = fear to + tread.* ponerse a tratar + Algo = get down to + Nombre.* que trata de = surrounding.* seguir tratando = discuss + further.* sin tratar = untreated.* temer tratar = fear to + tread.* tratar Algo = get down to + Nombre, be under consideration.* tratar algo en detalle = go into + Algo + at length.* tratar Algo en profundidad = go into + Algo + at length.* tratar Algo imparcialmente = treat + Nombre + with an even hand.* tratar Algo justamente = treat + Nombre + with an even hand.* tratar Algo sin parcialismo = treat + Nombre + with an even hand.* tratar Algo sin rodeos = address + Nombre + head-on, meet + Nombre + head-on, tackle + Nombre + head-on, face + Nombre + head-on.* tratar Algo supercialmente = dabble in.* tratar como un objeto = objectify.* tratar como un personaje = lionise [lionize, -USA].* tratar (con) = negotiate (with).* tratar con bondad = kill + Nombre + with kindness, smother + Nombre + with kindness.* tratar con cloro = chlorinate.* tratar con condescendencia = patronise [patronize, -USA], condescend.* tratar con más detalle = discuss + in greater detail.* tratar con precaución = approach + with caution.* tratar con prudencia = treat with + caution, view with + caution.* tratar con respeto = treat with + respect.* tratar de = be about, be concerned with, deal with, take up, bear on, deal in.* tratar de abarcar más de lo que se puede = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.* tratar de ganar tiempo = temporise [temporize, -USA], play for + time.* tratar de igual modo = treat as + equal.* tratar de ligar = chat up.* tratar de no llamar la atención = keep + a low profile, lie + low.* tratar de pasar desapercibido = keep + a low profile, lie + low.* tratar de pasar inadvertido = keep + a low profile, lie + low.* tratar detalladamente = cover + in detail.* tratar de un modo sentimental = sentimentalise [sentimentalize, -USA].* tratar de un modo urgente = fast track.* tratar en detalle = treat + at length, discuss + at length.* tratar en profundidad = treat + in detail.* tratar específicamente = target.* tratar información = handle + information.* tratar injustamente = malign.* tratar justamente = treat + fairly.* tratar la cuestión de = get to + the issue of.* tratar la posibilidad de = discuss + the possibility of.* tratar ligeramente = skim + the surface of, touch on/upon.* tratar magníficamente = do + more than justice.* tratar mal = maltreat, manhandle.* tratar muy por encima = scratch + the surface of, scrape + the surface.* tratar por todos los medios de = take + (great) pains to.* tratar por todos los medios de + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.* tratarse de = come down to, be a question of.* tratar severamente = mete out + harsh treatment.* tratar síntomas = treat + symptoms.* tratar superficialmente = gloss over, scratch + the surface of, scrape + the surface.* tratar una cuestión = address + constraint, address + issue, address + question, consider + issue, tackle + issue, address + concern, deal with + issue, broach + issue, broach + question, grapple with + issue.* tratar una cuestión ligeramente = touch on/upon + issue.* tratar un asunto = deal with + issue.* tratar un problema = address + problem, deal with + problem, handle + problem, tackle + problem, address + limitation, grapple with + problem, treat + problem, address + concern.* tratar un problema de pasada = touch on/upon + problem.* tratar un tema = broach + subject, broach + topic, address + theme, address + topic.* tratar un tema conocido = tread + familiar ground.* tratar un tema en detalle = go into + detail.* volver a tratar = revisit.* * *tratar [A1 ]viA (intentar) to try tratar DE + INF to try to + INFtrate de comprender try to o ( colloq) try and understandtraten de no llegar tarde try not to be latetratar DE QUE + SUBJ:trata de que queden a la misma altura try to o ( colloq) try and get them leveltrataré de que no vuelva a suceder I'll try to make sure it doesn't happen againB«obra/libro/película»: tratar DEor SOBRE algo: ¿de qué trata el libro? what's the book about?la conferencia tratará sobre medicina alternativa the lecture will deal with o will be on the subject of alternative medicine, the theme of the lecture will be alternative medicineC (tener contacto, relaciones) tratar CON algn to deal WITH sben mi trabajo trato con gente de todo tipo in my job I deal with o come into contact with all kinds of peopletratar con él no es nada fácil he's not at all easy to get on withprefiero tratar directamente con el fabricante I prefer to deal directly with the manufacturerD ( Com) tratar EN algo to deal IN sthtratar en joyas/antigüedades to deal in jewels/antiqueslos mercaderes que trataban en esclavos/pieles the merchants who dealt o traded in slaves/furs■ tratarvtA1 ‹persona/animal/instrumento› (+ compl) to treatme tratan muy bien/como si fuera de la familia they treat me very well/as if I were one of the familytrata la guitarra con más cuidado be more careful with the guitar2 (llamar) tratar a algn DE algo to call sb sth¿me estás tratando de mentiroso? are you calling me a liar?a mi suegro nunca lo he tratado de usted I've never called my father-in-law `usted'B ‹persona›(frecuentar): lo trataba cuando era joven I saw quite a lot of him when I was youngnunca lo he tratado I have never had any contact with him o any dealings with himC ‹tema/asunto›vamos a tratar primero los puntos de mayor urgencia let's deal with o discuss the more pressing issues firstno sé cómo tratar esta cuestión I don't know how to deal with o handle this matterel libro trata la Revolución Francesa desde una óptica inusual the book looks at the French Revolution from an unusual angleesto no se puede tratar delante de los niños we can't discuss this in front of the childrenD1 ‹paciente/enfermedad› to treat2 ‹sustancia/metal/madera› to treatcultivos tratados con insectidas crops treated with insecticides■ tratarseA (relacionarse, tener contacto)1 tratarse CON algn:no me gusta la gente con la que se trata I don't like the people he mixes withse trata con gente de la alta sociedad she socializes o mixes with people from high society, she moves in high circles¿tú te tratas con los Rucabado? are you friendly with the Rucabados?2 ( recípr):somos parientes pero no nos tratamos we're related but we never see each other o we never have anything to do with each otherB (+ compl)1 ( recípr):se tratan de usted/tú they address each other as `usted'/`tú'se tratan sin ningún respeto they have o show no respect for each other2 ( refl) to treat oneself¡qué mal te tratas, eh! ( iró); you don't treat yourself badly, do you?, you know how to look after yourself, don't you?C ( Med) (seguir un tratamiento) to have o undergo treatment1 (ser acerca de) to be about¿de qué se trata? what's it about?, what does it concern? ( frml)se trata de Roy it's about Roy2(ser cuestión de): se trata de arreglar la situación, no de discutir we're supposed to be settling things, not arguingsi sólo se trata de eso, hazlo pasar ahora if that's all it is o if that's all he wants, show him in nowbueno, si se trata de echarle un vistazo nada más … OK, if it's just a question of having a quick look at it …3(ser): se trata de la estrella del equipo we're talking about o he is the star of the teamtratándose de usted, no creo que haya inconvenientes since it's for you o in your case I don't think there will be any problems* * *
tratar ( conjugate tratar) verbo intransitivo
1 ( intentar) to try;
trataré de que no vuelva a suceder I'll try to make sure it doesn't happen again
2 [obra/libro/película] tratar de algo to be about sth;
tratar sobre algo to deal with sth;
3 (tener contacto, relaciones) tratar con algn to deal with sb;
verbo transitivo
1 ‹persona/animal/instrumento› to treat;
2 ( frecuentar):
3 ‹tema/asunto› to discuss, to deal with
4a) (Med) to treat
tratarse verbo pronominal
1 tratarse con algn ( ser amigo de) to be friendly with sb;
( alternar) to socialize o mix with sb;
2 (+ compl) ( recípr):
3 (Med) to have o undergo treatment
4◊ tratarse de (en 3a pers)
◊ ¿de qué se trata? what's it about?
◊ se trata de participar, no de ganar it's a question of taking part, not of winning;
solo porque se trata de ti just because it's you
tratar
I verbo transitivo
1 (portarse) to treat
2 (cuidar) to look after, care: trátame el libro bien, look after my book
3 (dirigirse a una persona) address: nos tratamos de tú, we call each other "tú" o we're on first name terms
4 (considerar, llamar) me trató de tonto, he called me stupid
5 (someter a un proceso) to treat
6 (someter a tratamiento médico) to treat: le tienen que tratar la artritis, they have to treat his arthritis
7 (tener relación social) la he tratado muy poco, I don't know her very well
8 (considerar, discutir) to deal with: no hemos tratado la cuestión, we haven't discussed that subject
II verbo intransitivo 1 tratar de, (un libro, una película) to be about: ¿de qué trata?, what is it about?
2 (intentar) to try [de, to]
3 Com tratar en, to trade in o with 4 tratar con, (negociar) to negotiate with
' tratar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
censurar
- defraudar
- delicada
- delicado
- drogodependencia
- ir
- girar
- hablar
- mimar
- negociar
- tú
- confianza
- curar
- debido
- huir
- manera
- miramiento
- piel
- punto
- tocar
- trato
- usted
English:
about
- address
- associate
- bid
- clutch
- deal with
- discuss
- form
- grapple
- ground
- handle
- light
- lionise
- mistreat
- muck about
- muck around
- patronize
- peer
- push through
- rubberize
- specific
- squarely
- tactfully
- tout
- treat
- try
- try on
- victimize
- attempt
- bite
- contact
- could
- cover
- deal
- favor
- grasp
- process
- profile
- raw
- seek
- snub
- tackle
- take
- thrash
- untreated
- way
* * *♦ vt1. [portarse con, manejar] to treat;¿qué tal te trataron? how were you treated?;no la trates tan mal don't be so nasty to her;la vida no la ha tratado bien life has not been kind to her;te dejo los discos, pero trátamelos bien I'll let you borrow the records, but look after them o be careful with them for me2. [paciente, enfermedad, herida] to treat;la están tratando de cáncer, le están tratando un cáncer she's being treated for cancer;el médico que la trata the doctor who is treating her3. [tener relación con] to have dealings o contact with;era compañera de clase pero la traté muy poco she was in my class, but I didn't have much to do with her4. [llamar, dirigirse a]tratar a alguien de usted/tú = to address sb using the “usted” form/the “tú” form;no hace falta que me trates de señor there's no need to call me “sir”;tratar a alguien de tonto to call sb an idiot5. [tema, asunto] to treat;el tema que trata la obra the subject of the book;hay que tratar ese asunto con cuidado this matter needs to be dealt with carefully;eso lo tienes que tratar con el jefe that's something you'll have to discuss with the boss6. [agua, sustancia, tejido, alimento] to treat♦ vitrata de comprenderlo, por favor please try to understand;trataré de no equivocarme I'll try not to get it wrong;sólo trataba de que estuvieras más cómodo I was only trying to make you more comfortable¿de qué trata el documental? what's the documentary about o on?;la ponencia trata sobre contaminación acústica the paper is about o on noise pollutionen mi trabajo tengo que tratar con todo tipo de gente I have to deal with all sorts of people in my job;trata con gente muy rara she mixes with some very strange people;RPtratar a alguien con pinzas to handle sb with kid gloves* * *I v/t1 treat2 ( manejar) handletratar a alguien de tú address s.o. informally, use the tú form with s.o.;tratar a alguien de usted address s.o. formally, use the usted form with s.o.4 gente come into contact with5 tema deal withII v/i:1:tratar con alguien deal with s.o.2:3 COM:tratar en deal in* * *tratar vi1)tratar con : to deal with, to have contact withno trato mucho con los clientes: I don't have much contact with customers2)tratar de : to try toestoy tratando de comer: I am trying to eat3)tratar de ortratar sobre : to be about, to concernel libro trata de las plantas: the book is about plants4)tratar en : to deal intrata en herramientas: he deals in toolstratar vt1) : to treattratan bien a sus empleados: they treat their employees well2) : to handletrató el tema con delicadeza: he handled the subject tactfully* * *tratar vb1. (en general) to treat3. (hablar) to discuss4. (referirse) to be about -
11 AMTI
1) Военный термин: adaptive moving target indicator, airborne moving target indicator3) Бухгалтерия: Alternative Minimum Taxable Income4) Сокращение: Advanced Missile Technology Integration, area moving target indicator, automatic moving-target indicator5) Авиационная медицина: Aeromedical Training Institute -
12 ATS
1) Общая лексика: (anti-tetanus serum) ПСС (противостолбнячная сыворотка) (http://www.sarid.net/earthquake/appeal102405.htm), Approved Teacher Status2) Авиация: условия приёмки, УВД, Administrative Tehminal System, Airbus Technical Specification, air traffic sector, auto throttle system, auto thrust system3) Спорт: Against The Spread4) Военный термин: Across The Scope, Advanced Tracking Sensor, Air Technical Service, Air Transport Service, Airborne Tactical SIGINT, Annual Training Site, Army Transport Service, Army topographic station, Audit Trail Server, Automated Tasking System, Salvage and Rescue Ship, accelerator test stand, acceptance test specification, acoustic target sensor, acoustic telemetry subsystem, acquisition and tracking system, active television system, advanced target system, advanced training school, advanced training squadron, air traffic section, air training scheme, air training school, air transport squadron, air-to-surface, aircraft trouble-shooting system, aircraft turnaround supervisor, aircrew training system, angle tracking subsystem, antenna test station, applications technology satellite, armament training station, automatic tactical switchboard, automatic telemetry system, automatic terminal system, automatic test system5) Техника: acoustic telescanner, acquisition target and search, advanced technology satellite program, advanced text system, advanced tubesheet sleeve, advanced turbine systems, agency training system, air transportable sonar, air-to-ship, airport traffic service, ampere-turns, analog television system, angle tracking system, automated telegraph system, automated terminal station, automatic transmission system6) Метеорология: Advanced Technology Satellites7) Юридический термин: Analytic Trouble Shooting8) Автомобильный термин: air temperature sensor (Chrysler)9) Ветеринария: American Tarantula Society10) Телекоммуникации: АСП, аналоговая система передачи11) Сокращение: Acoustic Tracking System, Advanced Tactical Support, Advanced Tactical Surveillance (aircraft), Advanced Tactical Surveillance, Advanced Technology Satellite, Advanced Tracking System, Agile Target System, Air Traffic Services, Air Traffic System, Air Transport Service / Support, Aircrew Training System (USA), American Temperance Society, American Theological Society, American Therapeutic Society, Amphibious Transport Ship, Astronomical Time Switch, Atelier de Construction de Tarbes (France), Automated Telemetry System, Automatic Tray Sleever, Aviation Training Ship (UK Royal Navy), Salvage & rescue ship (USA), Automatic Telephone System (Station), American Television Society, American Test System, исполнительная терминальная система (Administrative Terminal System)12) Университет: American Teaching System, Applicant Tracking System13) Физиология: Anxiety tension state, Arteriosclerosis14) Электроника: Absolute Time Sequence15) Вычислительная техника: Abstract Test Suite, Administrative Terminal System, Apple Terminal Services (Apple, AppleTalk), система автоматического перевода16) Нефть: auto transfer system, automated test system17) Иммунология: antitetanic serum, antithymocyte serum18) Биохимия: Anti-Thymocyte Serum19) Банковское дело: австрийский шиллинг (Austrian schilling), система автоматического перевода денежных средств (automatic transfer system), счёт услуг по автоматическому переводу средств (СУАП)20) Транспорт: Advanced Transportation System, American Travel Survey, Automatic Train Supervision, Aviation Technical Services21) Воздухоплавание: Air Traffic Service22) Фирменный знак: Amalgamated Taxis Services23) Деловая лексика: Aggravate The Secretaries, Alternative Trading Systems, Angel The Series, Australian Technology Showcase, Automated Trading System24) Нефтегазовая техника автоматическая телеметрическая система (automated telemetry system)25) Образование: Alternate Training Solutions26) Инвестиции: Austrian schilling27) Сетевые технологии: automated troubleshooting system, automatic transfer system, автоматическая система диагностики, автоматический передаточный ключ (Automatic Transfer Switch)28) Программирование: At Title Screen29) Автоматика: automatic terminal station30) Океанография: Application Technology Satellite31) Лесопиление: бревнопильный станок для работы в полевых условиях32) Расширение файла: Apple Terminal Services33) Карачаганак: система отслеживания мероприятий (Action Tracking System)34) Электротехника: automatic transfer switch, автоматическое переключение резерва35) NYSE. A P T Satellite Holdings, LTD.36) Программное обеспечение: Apple Type Services -
13 ATs
1) Общая лексика: (anti-tetanus serum) ПСС (противостолбнячная сыворотка) (http://www.sarid.net/earthquake/appeal102405.htm), Approved Teacher Status2) Авиация: условия приёмки, УВД, Administrative Tehminal System, Airbus Technical Specification, air traffic sector, auto throttle system, auto thrust system3) Спорт: Against The Spread4) Военный термин: Across The Scope, Advanced Tracking Sensor, Air Technical Service, Air Transport Service, Airborne Tactical SIGINT, Annual Training Site, Army Transport Service, Army topographic station, Audit Trail Server, Automated Tasking System, Salvage and Rescue Ship, accelerator test stand, acceptance test specification, acoustic target sensor, acoustic telemetry subsystem, acquisition and tracking system, active television system, advanced target system, advanced training school, advanced training squadron, air traffic section, air training scheme, air training school, air transport squadron, air-to-surface, aircraft trouble-shooting system, aircraft turnaround supervisor, aircrew training system, angle tracking subsystem, antenna test station, applications technology satellite, armament training station, automatic tactical switchboard, automatic telemetry system, automatic terminal system, automatic test system5) Техника: acoustic telescanner, acquisition target and search, advanced technology satellite program, advanced text system, advanced tubesheet sleeve, advanced turbine systems, agency training system, air transportable sonar, air-to-ship, airport traffic service, ampere-turns, analog television system, angle tracking system, automated telegraph system, automated terminal station, automatic transmission system6) Метеорология: Advanced Technology Satellites7) Юридический термин: Analytic Trouble Shooting8) Автомобильный термин: air temperature sensor (Chrysler)9) Ветеринария: American Tarantula Society10) Телекоммуникации: АСП, аналоговая система передачи11) Сокращение: Acoustic Tracking System, Advanced Tactical Support, Advanced Tactical Surveillance (aircraft), Advanced Tactical Surveillance, Advanced Technology Satellite, Advanced Tracking System, Agile Target System, Air Traffic Services, Air Traffic System, Air Transport Service / Support, Aircrew Training System (USA), American Temperance Society, American Theological Society, American Therapeutic Society, Amphibious Transport Ship, Astronomical Time Switch, Atelier de Construction de Tarbes (France), Automated Telemetry System, Automatic Tray Sleever, Aviation Training Ship (UK Royal Navy), Salvage & rescue ship (USA), Automatic Telephone System (Station), American Television Society, American Test System, исполнительная терминальная система (Administrative Terminal System)12) Университет: American Teaching System, Applicant Tracking System13) Физиология: Anxiety tension state, Arteriosclerosis14) Электроника: Absolute Time Sequence15) Вычислительная техника: Abstract Test Suite, Administrative Terminal System, Apple Terminal Services (Apple, AppleTalk), система автоматического перевода16) Нефть: auto transfer system, automated test system17) Иммунология: antitetanic serum, antithymocyte serum18) Биохимия: Anti-Thymocyte Serum19) Банковское дело: австрийский шиллинг (Austrian schilling), система автоматического перевода денежных средств (automatic transfer system), счёт услуг по автоматическому переводу средств (СУАП)20) Транспорт: Advanced Transportation System, American Travel Survey, Automatic Train Supervision, Aviation Technical Services21) Воздухоплавание: Air Traffic Service22) Фирменный знак: Amalgamated Taxis Services23) Деловая лексика: Aggravate The Secretaries, Alternative Trading Systems, Angel The Series, Australian Technology Showcase, Automated Trading System24) Нефтегазовая техника автоматическая телеметрическая система (automated telemetry system)25) Образование: Alternate Training Solutions26) Инвестиции: Austrian schilling27) Сетевые технологии: automated troubleshooting system, automatic transfer system, автоматическая система диагностики, автоматический передаточный ключ (Automatic Transfer Switch)28) Программирование: At Title Screen29) Автоматика: automatic terminal station30) Океанография: Application Technology Satellite31) Лесопиление: бревнопильный станок для работы в полевых условиях32) Расширение файла: Apple Terminal Services33) Карачаганак: система отслеживания мероприятий (Action Tracking System)34) Электротехника: automatic transfer switch, автоматическое переключение резерва35) NYSE. A P T Satellite Holdings, LTD.36) Программное обеспечение: Apple Type Services -
14 ats
1) Общая лексика: (anti-tetanus serum) ПСС (противостолбнячная сыворотка) (http://www.sarid.net/earthquake/appeal102405.htm), Approved Teacher Status2) Авиация: условия приёмки, УВД, Administrative Tehminal System, Airbus Technical Specification, air traffic sector, auto throttle system, auto thrust system3) Спорт: Against The Spread4) Военный термин: Across The Scope, Advanced Tracking Sensor, Air Technical Service, Air Transport Service, Airborne Tactical SIGINT, Annual Training Site, Army Transport Service, Army topographic station, Audit Trail Server, Automated Tasking System, Salvage and Rescue Ship, accelerator test stand, acceptance test specification, acoustic target sensor, acoustic telemetry subsystem, acquisition and tracking system, active television system, advanced target system, advanced training school, advanced training squadron, air traffic section, air training scheme, air training school, air transport squadron, air-to-surface, aircraft trouble-shooting system, aircraft turnaround supervisor, aircrew training system, angle tracking subsystem, antenna test station, applications technology satellite, armament training station, automatic tactical switchboard, automatic telemetry system, automatic terminal system, automatic test system5) Техника: acoustic telescanner, acquisition target and search, advanced technology satellite program, advanced text system, advanced tubesheet sleeve, advanced turbine systems, agency training system, air transportable sonar, air-to-ship, airport traffic service, ampere-turns, analog television system, angle tracking system, automated telegraph system, automated terminal station, automatic transmission system6) Метеорология: Advanced Technology Satellites7) Юридический термин: Analytic Trouble Shooting8) Автомобильный термин: air temperature sensor (Chrysler)9) Ветеринария: American Tarantula Society10) Телекоммуникации: АСП, аналоговая система передачи11) Сокращение: Acoustic Tracking System, Advanced Tactical Support, Advanced Tactical Surveillance (aircraft), Advanced Tactical Surveillance, Advanced Technology Satellite, Advanced Tracking System, Agile Target System, Air Traffic Services, Air Traffic System, Air Transport Service / Support, Aircrew Training System (USA), American Temperance Society, American Theological Society, American Therapeutic Society, Amphibious Transport Ship, Astronomical Time Switch, Atelier de Construction de Tarbes (France), Automated Telemetry System, Automatic Tray Sleever, Aviation Training Ship (UK Royal Navy), Salvage & rescue ship (USA), Automatic Telephone System (Station), American Television Society, American Test System, исполнительная терминальная система (Administrative Terminal System)12) Университет: American Teaching System, Applicant Tracking System13) Физиология: Anxiety tension state, Arteriosclerosis14) Электроника: Absolute Time Sequence15) Вычислительная техника: Abstract Test Suite, Administrative Terminal System, Apple Terminal Services (Apple, AppleTalk), система автоматического перевода16) Нефть: auto transfer system, automated test system17) Иммунология: antitetanic serum, antithymocyte serum18) Биохимия: Anti-Thymocyte Serum19) Банковское дело: австрийский шиллинг (Austrian schilling), система автоматического перевода денежных средств (automatic transfer system), счёт услуг по автоматическому переводу средств (СУАП)20) Транспорт: Advanced Transportation System, American Travel Survey, Automatic Train Supervision, Aviation Technical Services21) Воздухоплавание: Air Traffic Service22) Фирменный знак: Amalgamated Taxis Services23) Деловая лексика: Aggravate The Secretaries, Alternative Trading Systems, Angel The Series, Australian Technology Showcase, Automated Trading System24) Нефтегазовая техника автоматическая телеметрическая система (automated telemetry system)25) Образование: Alternate Training Solutions26) Инвестиции: Austrian schilling27) Сетевые технологии: automated troubleshooting system, automatic transfer system, автоматическая система диагностики, автоматический передаточный ключ (Automatic Transfer Switch)28) Программирование: At Title Screen29) Автоматика: automatic terminal station30) Океанография: Application Technology Satellite31) Лесопиление: бревнопильный станок для работы в полевых условиях32) Расширение файла: Apple Terminal Services33) Карачаганак: система отслеживания мероприятий (Action Tracking System)34) Электротехника: automatic transfer switch, автоматическое переключение резерва35) NYSE. A P T Satellite Holdings, LTD.36) Программное обеспечение: Apple Type Services -
15 cost
kɔst
1. сущ.
1) цена, стоимость (тж. перен.) cost, insurance and freight( сокр. с. i. f.) коммерч. ≈ стоимость, страхование, фрахт prime cost ≈ себестоимость Syn: price
2) а) расход (времени) ;
расходование sunk costs ≈ невозвратимые издержки (расходы, которые не могут быть восполнены) б) затраты, издержки ( по доставке, транспортировке товаров)
3) а) мн., юр. судебные издержки б) сумма штрафа, которым облагается физическое или юридическое лицо ∙ to know (to learn) to one's own cost ≈ знать (узнать) по горькому опыту at any cost ≈ любой ценой;
во что бы то ни стало at the cost of ≈ ценою чего-л. at one's cost ≈ за чей-л. счет to count the cost ≈ взвесить все обстоятельства
2. гл.;
прош. вр. и прич. прош. вр. - cost
1) а) стоить (о цене, выраженной в денежном эквиваленте) б) требовать( усилий, страданий и т.д.) ;
обходиться the city whose conquest had cost him so dear ≈ город, завоевание которого обошлось ему так дорого
2) назначать цену, определять цену;
расценивать( товар) цена;
стоимость - prime * себестоимость - book * балансовая стоимость - * estimation сметная калькуляция - at * по себестоимости - free of * бесплатно - the * of living прожиточный минимум - * of living index индекс прожиточного минимума - *, insurance, freight (коммерческое) стоимость, страхование, фрахт;
сиф обыкн. pl расходы, издержки - *s of production издержки производства - capital *s капитальные затраты - * account учет издержек - * control управление затратами - * overrun перерасход, выход за пределы сметы (юридическое) судебные издержки;
судебные расходы - with *s с возложением судебных издержек на сторону, проигравшую дело расплата;
тяжелая цена - to work at the * of one's health работать в ущерб здоровью - the * in lives потери в живой силе - at great * of life ценой больших потерь в живой силе - at a heavy * тяжелой ценой - at all *s, at any * любой ценой, во что бы то ни стало - to one's * на свое горе, на свою беду - to know to one's own * знать по горькому опыту > to count the * взвесить все обстоятельства;
учесть все возможные последствия стоить, обходиться - to * much стоить дорого - to * a pretty penny стоить уйму денег - it * me a lot of money это обошлось мне очень дорого - * what it may чего бы это ни стоило, любой ценой требовать, стоить - making a dictionary *s much time and care составление словаря требует много времени и внимания - to * a man his life стоить человеку жизни - it * him many sleepless nights это стоило ему многих бессонных ночей (коммерческое) назначать цену, оценивать acquisition ~ первоначальная стоимость acquisition ~ стоимость приобретения acquistion ~ стоимость приобретения actual ~ реальная стоимость actual ~ фактическая себестоимость all-in ~ высокий процент для дебитора alternative ~ эк.произ. альтернативные издержки производства alternative ~ эк.произ. оптимальные издержки applied ~ понесенные расходы appraisal ~ стоимость оценки ~ price себестоимость;
cost accounting ведение отчетности;
калькуляция стоимости;
at any cost, at all costs любой ценой;
во что бы то ни стало ~ price себестоимость;
cost accounting ведение отчетности;
калькуляция стоимости;
at any cost, at all costs любой ценой;
во что бы то ни стало at the ~ (of smth.) ценою (чего-л.) ;
at one's cost за (чей-л.) счет at the ~ (of smth.) ценою (чего-л.) ;
at one's cost за (чей-л.) счет breakeven ~ издержки при критическом объеме производства breaking-in ~ стоимость освоения изделия burial ~ стоимость похорон business ~ расходы по торгово-промышленной деятельности capitalized ~ стоимость реального основного капитала construction ~ стоимость строительства cost назначать цену, расценивать (товар) ~ назначать цену ~ оценивать товар ~ расплата ~ расход (времени) ;
расходование ~ расходы ~ стоимость ~ стоить, обходиться;
it cost him infinite labour это стоило ему огромного труда;
it may cost you your life это может стоить вам жизни ~ стоить ~ pl судебные издержки ~ судебные издержки ~ цена, стоимость (тж. перен.) ;
prime cost фабричная себестоимость;
costs of production издержки производства;
cost of living прожиточный минимум ~ цена ~ and freight ком. стоимость и фрахт;
cost, insurance and freight (сокр. с. i. f.) ком. стоимость, страхование, фрахт ~ and freight ком. стоимость и фрахт;
cost, insurance and freight (сокр. с. i. f.) ком. стоимость, страхование, фрахт freight: cost and ~ (C and F) стоимость и фрахт ~ of acquisition стоимость покупки ~ of acquisition стоимость приобретения ~ of capital стоимость капитала ~ of clearance of debris стоимость очистки от строительного мусора ~ of demolition стоимость разборки ~ of dismantling стоимость демонтажа ~ of goods sold стоимость проданных товаров ~ of heating стоимость отопления ~ of issue бирж. стоимость эмиссии ~ of labour стоимость рабочей силы ~ of legal proceedings стоимость судебного разбирательства ~ цена, стоимость (тж. перен.) ;
prime cost фабричная себестоимость;
costs of production издержки производства;
cost of living прожиточный минимум ~ of living прожиточный минимум ~ of living стоимость жизни ~ of materials стоимость материалов ~ of office and workshop space стоимость конторских и производственных помещений ~ of production издержки производства ~ of production себестоимость ~ of repairs стоимость ремонта ~ of replacement стоимость замены ~ of sales себестоимость реализованной продукции ~ of transportation транспортные расходы ~ of treatment insurance страхование стоимости лечения ~ of upkeep стоимость содержания в исправности ~ per bit вчт. стоимость за бит ~ per thousand цена за тысячу единиц продукции ~ price себестоимость;
cost accounting ведение отчетности;
калькуляция стоимости;
at any cost, at all costs любой ценой;
во что бы то ни стало price: cost ~ цена, принимаемая при калькуляции издержек производства cost ~ цена cost ~ цена производства ~ to borrower стоимость кредита ~ цена, стоимость (тж. перен.) ;
prime cost фабричная себестоимость;
costs of production издержки производства;
cost of living прожиточный минимум to count the ~ взвесить все обстоятельства current ~ стоимость в текущих ценах delivery ~ стоимость доставки delivery ~ стоимость поставки development ~ стоимость опытно-конструкторских работ development ~ стоимость разработки estimated ~ ориентировочная стоимость estimated ~ сметная стоимость estimated prime ~ оценка себестоимости extra ~ дополнительная стоимость factor ~ прямые затраты factor ~ прямые издержки factor ~ факторные издержки factory ~ заводская себестоимость funeral ~ стоимость похорон harvesting ~ стоимость уборки урожая historical ~ эк.произ. первоначальная стоимость historical ~ эк.произ. стоимость приобретения housing ~ стоимость жилищного стороительства idle capacity ~ стоимость резерва производственной мощности idle facilities ~ стоимость бездействующих производственных мощностей imputed ~ вмененная стоимость промежуточного продукта imputed ~ вмененные издержки indemnity ~ стоимость компенсации initial ~ первоначальная стоимость initial ~ стоимость приобретения ~ and freight ком. стоимость и фрахт;
cost, insurance and freight (сокр. с. i. f.) ком. стоимость, страхование, фрахт inventoriable ~ инвентаризируемая стоимость ~ стоить, обходиться;
it cost him infinite labour это стоило ему огромного труда;
it may cost you your life это может стоить вам жизни ~ стоить, обходиться;
it cost him infinite labour это стоило ему огромного труда;
it may cost you your life это может стоить вам жизни job ~ вчт. учет себестомости работ to know (to learn) to one's own ~ знать (узнать) по горькому опыту labour ~ стоимость рабочей силы loading ~ стоимость погрузки loading ~ стоимость погрузочных работ maintenance ~ стоимость технического обслуживания manufacturing ~ заводская себестоимость manufacturing: ~ производственный;
manufacturing cost стоимость производства marginal ~ предельно высокая себестоимость opeerating ~ производственные издержки opportunity ~ вмененные издержки фирмы в результате принятого альтернативного курса opportunity ~ вмененные потери в результате неиспользования альтернативного курса opportunity ~ дополнительные издержки в виде переплаты за определенный фактор производства при сложившейся конъюнктуре opportunity ~ издержки выбора инвестиций с меньшим доходом и большим риском в надежде на повышенную прибыль opportunity ~ самый высокий доход по альтернативному виду инвестиций original ~ первоначальная стоимость original ~ первоначальные расходы original ~ стоимость приобретения overhead ~s накладные расходы costs: overhead ~ накладные расходы partition ~ стоимость раздела( имущества, территории) predicted ~ нормативные издержки predicted ~ стоимостные нормы ~ цена, стоимость (тж. перен.) ;
prime cost фабричная себестоимость;
costs of production издержки производства;
cost of living прожиточный минимум prime ~ прямые издержки prime ~ себестоимость prime ~ фабричная цена prime: ~ первоначальный, первичный;
prime cause первопричина;
prime cost полит.-эк. себестоимость production ~ заводская себестоимость production ~ производственные расходы proportional ~ пропорциональная расценка repair ~ стоимость ремонта replacement ~ восстановительная стоимость replacement ~ издержки замещения выбывающего основного капитала residual ~ остаточная стоимость restoration ~ стоимость реставрации running ~ стоимость эксплуатации salvage ~ стоимость спасательных работ sell below ~ продавать ниже себестоимости sell below ~ продавать ниже стоимости single ~ себестоимость на единицу товара stabilization ~ стоимость стабилизации standard ~ типовая стоимость step ~ скачкообразное изменение стоимости step ~ скачок затрат storage ~ стоимость хранения surplus ~ чрезмерные затраты target ~ запланированная величина издержек target ~ плановые издержки total ~ общая стоимость total delay ~ вчт. общая стоимость ожидания total production ~ общая заводская себестоимость unit ~ себестоимость единицы продукции unit labour ~ затраты на рабочую силу в расчете на единицу продукции unit labour ~ удельные затраты на рабочую силу upkeep ~ стоимость содержания variable ~ переменные затраты variable ~ переменные издержки variable ~ переменные расходы weighted average ~ средневзвешенная стоимость -
16 advertising
сущ.1) рекл. реклама (совокупность каких-л. рекламных объявлений; обычно употребляется с указанием места, где размещается данная реклама)Over 60 percent of alcohol advertising [on television\] is shown during sports programming
Asian governments have attempted to limit excessive consumptions by instituting strict control over the content and amount of advertising in the media.
Advertising [on buses\] is one of the important advertising means to which companies and establishments attach great importance because this type of advertisement is a mobile one seen by all.
two-thirds of the food and drink advertising for children under 12 — две трети всей рекламы продуктов питания для детей младше 12-ти лет
Last month, 10 companies that produce almost two-thirds of the food and drink advertising [for children\] under 12 agreed to start cutting back on advertising junk foods.
No person shall within the city distribute [printed\] advertising by placing it within or upon parked automobiles.
2) рекл. реклама, рекламирование (процесс осуществления рекламы; как правило, употребляется с указанием рекламируемого продукта)Alcohol advertising is the promotion of alcoholic beverages by alcohol producers through a variety of media.
the control of medicines advertising in the UK — контроль за рекламой лекарств в Соединенном Королевстве
ATTRIBUTES: accessory 2. 1), advance 3. 2), aerial 3. 1), agricultural, air 2. 1),
alternative 2. 3), ambient 1. 1), audiovisual, auxiliary 2. 1), block 1. 4) а), boastful, broadcast 2. 1), n1, classified 1. 1), commercial 1. 4) а), comparative, competing 1. 1) а), competitive 1. 2) а), concept 1. 2) а), consumer 1. 1) а), continuity 1. 1) а), controversial 1. 1) а), cooperative 2. 1), n2, coordinated, corporate 1. 2) а), б, corrective 1. 1), creative, deceptive, demographic, denigratory, dissipative, domestic 1. 2) а),
foreign 1) б), global, professional 1. 3) б), regional, repeat 3. 3) б), strategic, superior 3. 1) б), test 3. 3) б), traditional
Syn:See:accessory advertising, advance advertising, advocacy advertising, aerial advertising, agricultural advertising, air advertising, aisle advertising, alternative advertising, ambient advertising, analogy advertising, association advertising, audiovisual advertising, auxiliary advertising, bait advertising, bait and switch advertising, bait-and-switch advertising, bank advertising, banner advertising, bargain advertising, bargain-basement advertising, block advertising, boastful advertising, brand advertising, brand image advertising, brand name advertising, breakthrough advertising, broadcast advertising, burst advertising, business advertising, business paper advertising, business publication advertising, business-to-business advertising, car-card advertising, cause advertising, challenged advertising, charity advertising, children's advertising, cinema advertising, classified advertising, combative advertising, commercial advertising, comparative advertising, comparison advertising, competing advertising, competitive advertising, concept advertising, consumer advertising, continuity advertising, controversial advertising, co-op advertising, cooperative advertising, coordinated advertising, corporate advertising, corporate image advertising, corrective advertising, counter advertising, counteradvertising, coupon advertising, creative advertising, deceptive advertising, demographic advertising, demonstration advertising, denigratory advertising, direct advertising, direct response advertising, direct-action advertising, direct mail advertising, direct-mail advertising, directory advertising, display advertising, dissipative advertising, domestic advertising, door-to-door advertising, educational advertising, electric advertising, electrical advertising, e-mail based advertising, entertaining advertising, ethical advertising, export advertising, eye-catching advertising, factual advertising, false advertising, farm advertising, fashion advertising, film advertising, financial advertising, flexform advertising, follow-up advertising, foreign advertising, fraudulent advertising, full-page advertising, gender advertising, general advertising, generic advertising, global advertising, goodwill advertising, group advertising, hard-sell advertising, hard-selling advertising, heavy advertising, help wanted advertising, high-pressure advertising, house advertising, house-to-house advertising, idea advertising, illuminated advertising, image advertising, impact advertising, indirect action advertising, indirect-action advertising, individual advertising, indoor advertising, industrial advertising, information advertising, informational advertising, informative advertising, in-house advertising, initial advertising, innovative advertising, institutional advertising, in-store advertising, insurance advertising, international advertising, interstate advertising, introductory advertising, intrusive advertising, issue advertising, joint advertising, large-scale advertising, launch advertising, legal advertising, local advertising, mail advertising, mail-order advertising, mass advertising, mass-media advertising, media advertising, military advertising, misleading advertising, mobile advertising, mood advertising, movie theatre advertising, multimedia advertising, multinational advertising, national advertising, non-business advertising, non-commercial advertising, novelty advertising, obtrusive advertising, offbeat advertising, off-season advertising, on-line advertising, on-target advertising, opinion advertising, oral advertising, outdoor advertising, out-of-home advertising, package advertising, periodical advertising, personality advertising, persuasive advertising, point-of-purchase advertising, point-of-sale advertising, political advertising, postal advertising, postcard advertising, poster advertising, postmark advertising, pre-launch advertising, premium advertising, press advertising, prestige advertising, price advertising, primary advertising, print advertising, private sector advertising, problem-solution advertising, procurement advertising, producer advertising, product advertising, product-comparison advertising, professional advertising, promotional advertising, public relations advertising, public sector advertising, public service advertising, public-affairs advertising, public interest advertising, public-issue advertising, public-service advertising, radio advertising, railway advertising, reason-why advertising, recruitment advertising, regional advertising, reinforcement advertising, remembrance advertising, reminder advertising, repeat advertising, retail advertising, retentive advertising, saturation advertising, scented advertising, screen advertising, seasonal advertising, selective advertising, self-advertising, semi-display advertising, show-window advertising, sky advertising, slide advertising, social advertising, social cause advertising, soft-sell advertising, specialty advertising, split-run advertising, spot advertising, store advertising, strategic advertising, street advertising, strip advertising, subliminal advertising, sustaining advertising, switch advertising, tactical advertising, target advertising, taxi top advertising, teaser advertising, television advertising, test advertising, testimonial advertising, tie-in advertising, tombstone advertising, total advertising, trade advertising, trademark advertising, traditional advertising, transformational advertising, transit advertising, transportation advertising, truthful advertising, truth-in-advertising, two-step formal advertising, unacceptable advertising, unfair advertising, untruthful advertising, visual advertising, vocational advertising, wall advertising, word-of-mouth advertising, written advertising, yellow pages advertising, advertising abuse, advertising action, advertising aids, advertising analysis а), advertising appeal, advertising approach, advertising audience, advertising awareness, advertising balance, advertising band, advertising believability, advertising break, advertising brochure, advertising catalogue, advertising circular, advertising claim 1) а), advertising clutter, advertising column, advertising communication, advertising competition 2) а), advertising copy, advertising coupon, advertising credibility, advertising cue, advertising decay, advertising deception, advertising device, advertising emphasis, advertising exaggeration, advertising exposure 2) а), advertising factor а), advertising film, advertising folder, advertising frequency, advertising gift, advertising gimmick, advertising handbill, advertising hoarding, advertising image, advertising impact, advertising impression, advertising influence, advertising insert, advertising intensity, advertising jingle, advertising label, advertising leaflet, advertising letter, advertising literature 1) а), advertising location, advertising magazine, advertising material, advertising matter, advertising media, advertising medium, advertising novelty, advertising operation 2) а), advertising page, advertising pamphlet, advertising panel, advertising penetration, advertising perception, advertising personality, advertising playback, advertising point, advertising posttest, advertising pretest, advertising puffery, advertising pylon, advertising race, advertising readership, advertising recall, advertising response, advertising retention, advertising sample, advertising section 2) а), advertising site, advertising slogan, advertising space, advertising specialty, advertising sponsorship, advertising spoof, advertising spot, advertising standards, advertising structure, advertising supplement, advertising test, advertising testing, advertising text, advertising threshold, advertising time, advertising vehicle, advertising wearout, advertising wedge, Canadian Code of Advertising Standards, Code of Advertising Practice, Defining Advertising goals for Measured Advertising Results, Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, ICC Guidelines / Code on Advertising and Marketing on the Internet, ICC International Code of Advertising Practice, ICC International Code of Environmental Advertising, ICC International Codes of Marketing and Advertising Practices, Standard Advertising Register, Standard Directory of Advertising Agencies, Standards of Practice of the American Association of Advertising Agencies, Advertising Association, Advertising Association of the West, Advertising Checking Bureau, Advertising Club of New York, Advertising Council, Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc. 2), Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc.3) рекл. рекламное дело, рекламная деятельность, рекламный бизнес (реклама как вид деятельности безотносительно каких-л. конкретных продуктов; реклама как одна из функций организации)advertising counsellor [consultant\] — рекламный консультант, консультант по рекламе
advertising expert — рекламный эксперт, эксперт по рекламе
Syn:See:above-the-line advertising, below-the-line advertising, flat fee advertising, investment advertising, per inquiry advertising, advertising account, advertising activity, advertising agency, advertising agent, advertising agreement, advertising allowance, advertising analysis б), advertising appropriation, advertising assistant, advertising audit, advertising brief, advertising broker, advertising budget, advertising business, advertising campaign, advertising canvasser, advertising claim 2) б), advertising club, advertising code, advertising community, advertising company, advertising competition 1) б), advertising contract, advertising contractor, advertising control, advertising cooperative, advertising copywriting, advertising cost, advertising coverage, advertising customer, advertising department, advertising director, advertising directory, advertising drive, advertising effect, advertising effectiveness, advertising efficiency, advertising environment, advertising ethics, advertising exchange, advertising executive, advertising expenditures, advertising expenses, advertising exposure 1) б), &3, advertising factor б), advertising firm, advertising guide, advertising industry, advertising injury, advertising landscape, advertising legislation, advertising leverage, advertising liability, advertising linage, advertising literature 2) б), advertising man, advertising management, advertising manager, advertising method, advertising mix, advertising monopoly, advertising network, advertising objective, advertising office, advertising operation 1) б), advertising order, advertising outcome, advertising outlay, advertising output, advertising people, advertising performance, advertising personnel, advertising plan, advertising planner, advertising planning, advertising portfolio, advertising practice, advertising practitioner, advertising professional, advertising programme, advertising purpose, advertising rate, advertising register, advertising representative, advertising research, advertising restrictions, advertising sales agents, advertising schedule, advertising section 1) б), advertising self-regulation, advertising services, advertising specialist, advertising spending, advertising statistics, advertising strategy, advertising substantiation, advertising support, advertising talent, advertising theory, advertising value, advertising variable, advertising weight, media buy, copywriting, advertology
* * *
реклама, рекламирование: использование печатных, теле-, радио- и иных посланий, оплаченных рекламодателем, для благоприятного воздействия на потенциальных покупателей товара или клиентов.* * *размещение объявлений; размещение рекламы; рекламирование. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * *эмоционально окрашенная информация об основных характеристиках отдельных видов страхования и страховых операций с целью формирования устойчивого спроса на страховые услуги-----средство распространения информации и убеждения людей через прессу, телевидение, радиовещание, объявления, плакаты и другим образом -
17 fábrica
f.factory, industry, industrial plant, mill.* * *1 (industria) factory, plant2 (fabricación) manufacture3 ARQUITECTURA masonry\fábrica de cerveza breweryfábrica de conservas cannery, canning factoryfábrica de gas gasworksfábrica de harina flour millfábrica de montaje assembly plantfábrica de papel paper millprecio de fábrica factory price, ex-works price* * *noun f.1) factory2) plant* * *SF1) (=factoría) factoryprecio de fábrica — price ex-works, price ex-factory
fábrica de acero — steel plant, steelworks
fábrica de conservas — canning plant, cannery
2) (Arquit)de fábrica — stone, stonework
3) (=proceso) manufacture4) And (=alambique) still, distillery* * *femenino factoryfábrica de textiles/papel — textile/paper mill
* * *= factory, manufacturing firm, manufactory, manufacturing enterprise, plant, manufacturing plant.Ex. A thesaurus might advise the searcher that the following alternative terms might prove fruitful: factories and other more specific terms, e.g. Printing works.Ex. Fee-for-service programmes can target non-traditional market segments such as pharmaceutical companies, lawyers, and manufacturing firms who regularly need and willingly pay a premium price for perishable medical information.Ex. The strength of the book 'The American manufactory' lies in its detailed narratives of success and failure.Ex. The author attempts to determine whether South African manufacturing enterprises used information to their competitive advantage.Ex. The author describes the approach and its application to 2 different processes: coffee roasting and decaffeination in a Nestle plant.Ex. Greater London constituted Britain's most important interwar centre for new manufacturing plants.----* como salido de fábrica = in mint condition.* fábrica azucarera = sugar mill.* fábrica de azúcar = sugar factory.* fábrica de azúcar de remolacha = beet sugar factory.* fábrica de carruajes = carriage-making plant.* fábrica de cemento = cement plant.* fábrica de cerámica = ceramics factory.* fábrica de cerveza = brewery.* fábrica de conservas = cannery.* fábrica de diplomados = diploma mill.* fábrica de laminación de acero = steel mill.* fábrica de licenciados = diploma mill.* fábrica de muebles = furniture factory.* fábrica de papel = paper mill, pulp and paper mill.* fábrica de tejidos de algodón = mill, cotton mill.* fábrica de titulados = diploma mill.* fábrica de toneles = cooperage.* fábrica textil = mill.* máquina de fábrica = manufacturing equipment.* perforado de fábrica = pre-drilled.* propietario de una fábrica textil = wool-factor.* trabajador de fábrica = factory worker, factory hand.* * *femenino factoryfábrica de textiles/papel — textile/paper mill
* * *= factory, manufacturing firm, manufactory, manufacturing enterprise, plant, manufacturing plant.Ex: A thesaurus might advise the searcher that the following alternative terms might prove fruitful: factories and other more specific terms, e.g. Printing works.
Ex: Fee-for-service programmes can target non-traditional market segments such as pharmaceutical companies, lawyers, and manufacturing firms who regularly need and willingly pay a premium price for perishable medical information.Ex: The strength of the book 'The American manufactory' lies in its detailed narratives of success and failure.Ex: The author attempts to determine whether South African manufacturing enterprises used information to their competitive advantage.Ex: The author describes the approach and its application to 2 different processes: coffee roasting and decaffeination in a Nestle plant.Ex: Greater London constituted Britain's most important interwar centre for new manufacturing plants.* como salido de fábrica = in mint condition.* fábrica azucarera = sugar mill.* fábrica de azúcar = sugar factory.* fábrica de azúcar de remolacha = beet sugar factory.* fábrica de carruajes = carriage-making plant.* fábrica de cemento = cement plant.* fábrica de cerámica = ceramics factory.* fábrica de cerveza = brewery.* fábrica de conservas = cannery.* fábrica de diplomados = diploma mill.* fábrica de laminación de acero = steel mill.* fábrica de licenciados = diploma mill.* fábrica de muebles = furniture factory.* fábrica de papel = paper mill, pulp and paper mill.* fábrica de tejidos de algodón = mill, cotton mill.* fábrica de titulados = diploma mill.* fábrica de toneles = cooperage.* fábrica textil = mill.* máquina de fábrica = manufacturing equipment.* perforado de fábrica = pre-drilled.* propietario de una fábrica textil = wool-factor.* trabajador de fábrica = factory worker, factory hand.* * *A (planta industrial) factoryfábrica de zapatos/muebles shoe/furniture factoryfábrica de textiles textile millfábrica de papel paper millfábrica de cerveza breweryfábrica de conservas canning plantun defecto de fábrica a manufacturing defectB ( Const) stoneworkuna pared de fábrica a stone wall* * *
Del verbo fabricar: ( conjugate fabricar)
fabrica es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
fabricar
fábrica
fabricar ( conjugate fabricar) verbo transitivo
to manufacture;◊ fábrica en cadena/serie to mass-produce;
( on signs) fabricado en Perú made in Peru
fábrica sustantivo femenino
factory;
fábrica de textiles/papel textile/paper mill;
fábrica de cerveza brewery;
fábrica de conservas cannery
fabricar verbo transitivo
1 (en serie) to manufacture
2 (elaborar) to make
3 (construir) to build
4 figurado to fabricate
fábrica sustantivo femenino factory
fábrica de cemento, cement works
fábrica de cerveza, brewery
fábrica de papel, paper mill
fábrica textil, textile plant
' fábrica' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
bodega
- cantina
- cervecería
- comedor
- comedora
- enchufar
- factoría
- sirena
- volar
- azucarera
- bocina
- cafetería
- cerrar
- chimenea
- cierre
- defecto
- encerrar
- encierro
- fichar
- funcionamiento
- modernizar
- molino
- música
- obrero
- ocupar
- panadería
- papelera
- personal
- situar
- técnico
- telar
- toma
- tomar
- usina
- velador
- vidrio
English:
brewery
- close down
- downgrade
- ex
- factory
- found
- gasworks
- grind
- hooter
- idle
- mill
- nowhere
- output
- plant
- produce
- scale down
- shed
- should
- stop
- trade secret
- work
- armory
- blot
- second
- sweat
- trade
- works
* * *fábrica nf1. [establecimiento industrial] factory;viene instalado de fábrica it's pre-installed;tiene un defecto de fábrica it has a manufacturing defect;es así de fábrica it's like that when you buy itfábrica de cerveza brewery;fábrica de conservas canning plant, cannery;Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre = Spanish national mint;fábrica de papel paper mill;fábrica siderúrgica iron and steelworks [singular]2. [construcción] [ladrillo] brickwork;[piedra] stonework;un muro de fábrica [de ladrillo] a brick wall;[de piedra] a stone wall* * *f1 plant, factory;2 ARQUI stonework;de fábrica stone atr* * *fábrica nffactoría: factory* * *Si se trata de una fábrica de azúcar, de papel o textil se suele llamar mill -
18 cost
[kɔst]acquisition cost первоначальная стоимость acquisition cost стоимость приобретения acquistion cost стоимость приобретения actual cost реальная стоимость actual cost фактическая себестоимость all-in cost высокий процент для дебитора alternative cost эк.произ. альтернативные издержки производства alternative cost эк.произ. оптимальные издержки applied cost понесенные расходы appraisal cost стоимость оценки cost price себестоимость; cost accounting ведение отчетности; калькуляция стоимости; at any cost, at all costs любой ценой; во что бы то ни стало cost price себестоимость; cost accounting ведение отчетности; калькуляция стоимости; at any cost, at all costs любой ценой; во что бы то ни стало at the cost (of smth.) ценою (чего-л.); at one's cost за (чей-л.) счет at the cost (of smth.) ценою (чего-л.); at one's cost за (чей-л.) счет breakeven cost издержки при критическом объеме производства breaking-in cost стоимость освоения изделия burial cost стоимость похорон business cost расходы по торгово-промышленной деятельности capitalized cost стоимость реального основного капитала construction cost стоимость строительства cost назначать цену, расценивать (товар) cost назначать цену cost оценивать товар cost расплата cost расход (времени); расходование cost расходы cost стоимость cost стоить, обходиться; it cost him infinite labour это стоило ему огромного труда; it may cost you your life это может стоить вам жизни cost стоить cost pl судебные издержки cost судебные издержки cost цена, стоимость (тж. перен.); prime cost фабричная себестоимость; costs of production издержки производства; cost of living прожиточный минимум cost цена cost and freight ком. стоимость и фрахт; cost, insurance and freight (сокр. с. i. f.) ком. стоимость, страхование, фрахт cost and freight ком. стоимость и фрахт; cost, insurance and freight (сокр. с. i. f.) ком. стоимость, страхование, фрахт freight: cost and cost (C and F) стоимость и фрахт cost of acquisition стоимость покупки cost of acquisition стоимость приобретения cost of capital стоимость капитала cost of clearance of debris стоимость очистки от строительного мусора cost of demolition стоимость разборки cost of dismantling стоимость демонтажа cost of goods sold стоимость проданных товаров cost of heating стоимость отопления cost of issue бирж. стоимость эмиссии cost of labour стоимость рабочей силы cost of legal proceedings стоимость судебного разбирательства cost цена, стоимость (тж. перен.); prime cost фабричная себестоимость; costs of production издержки производства; cost of living прожиточный минимум cost of living прожиточный минимум cost of living стоимость жизни cost of materials стоимость материалов cost of office and workshop space стоимость конторских и производственных помещений cost of production издержки производства cost of production себестоимость cost of repairs стоимость ремонта cost of replacement стоимость замены cost of sales себестоимость реализованной продукции cost of transportation транспортные расходы cost of treatment insurance страхование стоимости лечения cost of upkeep стоимость содержания в исправности cost per bit вчт. стоимость за бит cost per thousand цена за тысячу единиц продукции cost price себестоимость; cost accounting ведение отчетности; калькуляция стоимости; at any cost, at all costs любой ценой; во что бы то ни стало price: cost cost цена, принимаемая при калькуляции издержек производства cost cost цена cost cost цена производства cost to borrower стоимость кредита cost цена, стоимость (тж. перен.); prime cost фабричная себестоимость; costs of production издержки производства; cost of living прожиточный минимум to count the cost взвесить все обстоятельства current cost стоимость в текущих ценах delivery cost стоимость доставки delivery cost стоимость поставки development cost стоимость опытно-конструкторских работ development cost стоимость разработки estimated cost ориентировочная стоимость estimated cost сметная стоимость estimated prime cost оценка себестоимости extra cost дополнительная стоимость factor cost прямые затраты factor cost прямые издержки factor cost факторные издержки factory cost заводская себестоимость funeral cost стоимость похорон harvesting cost стоимость уборки урожая historical cost эк.произ. первоначальная стоимость historical cost эк.произ. стоимость приобретения housing cost стоимость жилищного стороительства idle capacity cost стоимость резерва производственной мощности idle facilities cost стоимость бездействующих производственных мощностей imputed cost вмененная стоимость промежуточного продукта imputed cost вмененные издержки indemnity cost стоимость компенсации initial cost первоначальная стоимость initial cost стоимость приобретения cost and freight ком. стоимость и фрахт; cost, insurance and freight (сокр. с. i. f.) ком. стоимость, страхование, фрахт inventoriable cost инвентаризируемая стоимость cost стоить, обходиться; it cost him infinite labour это стоило ему огромного труда; it may cost you your life это может стоить вам жизни cost стоить, обходиться; it cost him infinite labour это стоило ему огромного труда; it may cost you your life это может стоить вам жизни job cost вчт. учет себестомости работ to know (to learn) to one's own cost знать (узнать) по горькому опыту labour cost стоимость рабочей силы loading cost стоимость погрузки loading cost стоимость погрузочных работ maintenance cost стоимость технического обслуживания manufacturing cost заводская себестоимость manufacturing: cost производственный; manufacturing cost стоимость производства marginal cost предельно высокая себестоимость opeerating cost производственные издержки opportunity cost вмененные издержки фирмы в результате принятого альтернативного курса opportunity cost вмененные потери в результате неиспользования альтернативного курса opportunity cost дополнительные издержки в виде переплаты за определенный фактор производства при сложившейся конъюнктуре opportunity cost издержки выбора инвестиций с меньшим доходом и большим риском в надежде на повышенную прибыль opportunity cost самый высокий доход по альтернативному виду инвестиций original cost первоначальная стоимость original cost первоначальные расходы original cost стоимость приобретения overhead costs накладные расходы costs: overhead cost накладные расходы partition cost стоимость раздела (имущества, территории) predicted cost нормативные издержки predicted cost стоимостные нормы cost цена, стоимость (тж. перен.); prime cost фабричная себестоимость; costs of production издержки производства; cost of living прожиточный минимум prime cost прямые издержки prime cost себестоимость prime cost фабричная цена prime: cost первоначальный, первичный; prime cause первопричина; prime cost полит.-эк. себестоимость production cost заводская себестоимость production cost производственные расходы proportional cost пропорциональная расценка repair cost стоимость ремонта replacement cost восстановительная стоимость replacement cost издержки замещения выбывающего основного капитала residual cost остаточная стоимость restoration cost стоимость реставрации running cost стоимость эксплуатации salvage cost стоимость спасательных работ sell below cost продавать ниже себестоимости sell below cost продавать ниже стоимости single cost себестоимость на единицу товара stabilization cost стоимость стабилизации standard cost типовая стоимость step cost скачкообразное изменение стоимости step cost скачок затрат storage cost стоимость хранения surplus cost чрезмерные затраты target cost запланированная величина издержек target cost плановые издержки total cost общая стоимость total delay cost вчт. общая стоимость ожидания total production cost общая заводская себестоимость unit cost себестоимость единицы продукции unit labour cost затраты на рабочую силу в расчете на единицу продукции unit labour cost удельные затраты на рабочую силу upkeep cost стоимость содержания variable cost переменные затраты variable cost переменные издержки variable cost переменные расходы weighted average cost средневзвешенная стоимость -
19 market
1. сущ.1) эк. рынок; базар (специальное место, где осуществляется торговля)COMBS:
It is cheaper to buy vegetables from the market than from a shop. — Овощи дешевле покупать на рынке, чем в магазине.
Syn:marketplace 1), bazaar 1)See:2) эк. рынок (совокупность продавцов и покупателей какого-л. товара)to place [to put\] goods on the market, to bring goods to market — предлагать товар к продаже
In 1930 the first home laundry machine and refrigerator were put on the market. — В 1930 г. на рынке появилась первая бытовая стиральная машина и холодильник.
ATTRIBUTES [structure\]: actual 1. 1), auction 1. 1), call 1. 1), n6б, captive 1. 1), n4, classical 1. 3), concentrated 1. 1) а), continuous 1. 1) а), first 2. 3) а), forward 1. 1), n4, fourth, imperfect 1. 1), б, inside 2. 1) а), intermediate 2. 2) а), inverted 1. 3), monopolistic, oligopolistic, one-sided 1. 3), one-way 2. 4) а), open outcry, outcry, over-the-counter 2. 1) а), over-the-telephone, parallel 2. 1) а), perfect 1. 1), n2б, pitching, physical 2. 1) а), public 1. 1), n4, pure 1. 1) а), retail 2. 1) а), screen-based, second 1. 1), n2, sideways 2. 6) а), spot 2. 1) а), third 2. 3) а), wholesale 2. 1) а)
ATTRIBUTES [legality\]: administered 1), bear 1. 2), black 1. 3) а), blocked 1. 2) а), controlled, democratic 1), formal 1. 1) а), free 1. 1) а), informal 1), б, illicit, kerb, organized 1), в, overt 1. 2) а), regulated, rigged 1. 2) а)
See:CHILD [product\]: product market, financial market, services market, political market, pollution permit market, related markets CHILD [structure\]: actual market 2), 3), aftermarket 1), auction market, call market, carrying market, cash market, 1), 1), continuous market, double auction market, double-auction market, first market, forward market, fourth market, imperfect market, inside market 2), inter-dealer market, intermediate market, inverted market, monopolistic market, non-exchange market, off-board market, oligopolistic market, one-sided market, one-way market, open outcry market, OTC market, outcry market, 2), over-the-counter market, over-the-counter securities market, over-the-telephone market, parallel market, perfect market, physical market, public market 2), pure market, retail market, screen-based market, second market, spot market, street market 1), third market, upstairs market 2), wholesale market CHILD [legality\]: administered market, bear market 2), black market 1) а), blocked market, closed market, controlled market, formal market, free market, free and open market, informal market, grey market 1) а), illicit market, kerb market, organized market, price-making market, regulated market 1) а), rigged market, self-regulated market, access to market, market access, market disruption, inside market 1), 1), market-determined price3)а) эк. спрос; объем спроса, размер рынка (наличие желающих купить товар; часто используется как характеристика определенной территории)COMBS:
The European market for this product is estimated at $10 billions during next 5 years. — По оценкам, объем европейского рынка этого продукта будет равен 10 млрд долл. в течение ближайших пяти лет.
ATTRIBUTES: actual 1. 1), assured 1. 2), brisk 1. 1), business 1. 4) а), commercial 1. 1), consumer 1. 1), consumers, customer 1. 1), dealer 1. 1), б, enterprise 1. 2) а), government 1. 7) а), heavy user, industrial 1. 1), а, institutional 1. 1), а, manufacturing 2. 1) а), organizational, personal 1. 2) а), potential, producer 1. 1), professional 1. 1), promising, ready 1. 1), reseller, trade 1. 2), world 2. 1) а)
See:actual market 1), assured market, brisk market, business market, commercial market, consumer market, consumers market, consumers' market, customer market, dealer market, enterprise market, government market, heavy-user market, industrial market, institutional market, large-volume market, manufacturing market, organizational market, personal market 1), potential market 1) б), producer market, professional market, promising market, ready market, reseller market, trade market, world market 2) б)б) эк. потребителиATTRIBUTES: brand-loyal, control 3. 1), conventional 3. 2), core 2. 2), exploratory, intended, main 1. 1), mass 3. 1), personal 3. 2), potential, primary 2. 2), n2, principal 2. 2), n1, prospective, target 3. 1), test 3. 1), traditional
Syn:See:brand-loyal market, control market, conventional market, core market, exploratory market, intended market, main market 2), personal market 2), potential market 2) а), primary market 2), principal market 1) а), prospective market, target market, test market, traditional market, market acceptance, market attritionв) марк. рынок сбыта ( географический район)ATTRIBUTES: colonial, domestic 2) а), export 3. 2) а), external 1. 2) а), foreign 1. 1) а), global 1. 1) а), home 2. 2) а), internal 1. 2) а), international 1. 1) а), dispersed, distant 1. 1) а), local 1. 1) а), national 1. 1) а), nation-wide, nationwide, overseas 1. 2) а), regional, scattered 1. 1) а), world 2. 1) а), world-wide
Syn:See:colonial market, domestic market 1), export market, external market 1), foreign market 1), global market, home market, internal market 1), 2), international market, dispersed market, distant market, local market, national market, nation-wide market, overseas market, regional market, scattered market, world market 1), worldwide market, new-to-market, old-to-marketг) марк. = market segmentATTRIBUTES:
ATTRIBUTES: concentrated 1) а), craft 1. 1) а), demographic, downscale 1. 2) а), heterogeneous, homogeneous, high-income, low-end, metro, metropolitan, middle-aged, middle-class, mid-range, military, rural, specialized, specialty, silver 2. 3) а), upscale 1. 2) а), youth 2. 4) а)
See:black market 2), 2), craft market, demographic market, downmarket, down-market, downscale market, heterogeneous market, homogeneous market, high-income market, low-end market, lower end of the market, middle-aged market, middle-class market, mid-range market, military market 2) б), specialized market, specialty market, silver market 1) б), upscale market, youth market4) эк. конъюнктура, уровень цен, состояние рынка (состояние рынка в значении 2, с точки зрения активности продавцов и покупателей и соответствующей динамики изменения цен)ATTRIBUTES: active 1. 3), advancing, bid 1. 3), bear 1. 2), barren 1. 3), broad 1. 1), bull 1. 2), close II 2. 3) в), competitive II 2. 2) а), complete 1. 2), confident II 2. 1) а), congested, contango, contestable, crossed II 2. 2) а), crowded II 2. 1) а), а, dead 1. 2), declining, deep II 2. 2) а), depressed II 2. 2) а), б, differentiated, dull II 2. 1) а), efficient II 2. 1) а), б, emerging, established II 2. 1) а), expanding, falling, fast II 1. 2) а), fertile II 2. 1) а), firm I 1. 1) а), flat I 2. 4) а), graveyard, growing 1. 1), growth II 2. 1) а), heavy II 2. 1) а), inactive II 2. 2) а), increasing, jumpy II 2. 1) а), б, languid II 2. 2) а), limited II 2. 1) а), liquid I 2. 6) а), locked II 2. 2) а), lucrative, mature 1. 2), narrow 1. 1), nervous I 2. 5) б), normal I 1. 5) б), offered, overstocked II 2. 1) а), а, pegged I 1. 3) б), present I 2. 2) б), price-sensitive, productive I 1. 3) б), profitable II 2. 1) а), protected, recession-hit, restricted II 2. 1) а), restrictive II 2. 1) а), rising, sagging I 2. 2) б), saturated I 1. 3) б), seller II 2. 1) а), а, selective I 2. 5) б), sensitive I 2. 4) б), short 1. 1), shrinking, slack I 2. 2) б), sluggish II 2. 2) а), soft I 2. 4) б), sold-out, stable I 2. 1) б), stagnant II 2. 1) а), static I 2. 2) б), steady 1. 1), stiff 1. 1), б, strong II 2. 2) а), technically strong, technically weak, tight I 2. 4) б), wide II 2. 1) а)
See:active market, advancing market, bid market, bear market 1), Big Emerging Markets, broad market, bull market, buyers' market, close market, competitive market, complete market, contango market, contestable market, crossed market, crowded market, dead market, declining market, deep market, depressed market, differentiated market, dull market, efficient market, emerging market, established market, expanding market, fast market, fertile market, firm market, flat market, growing market, inactive market, jumpy market, languid market, lemons market, limited market, liquid market, locked market, lucrative market, market of lemons, mature market, narrow market, normal market, offered market, overstocked market, pegged market, present market, price-sensitive market, productive market, profitable market, protected market, recession-hit market, restricted market, restrictive market, rising market, sagging market, saturated market, sellers market, seller's market, sellers' market, selective market, sensitive market, short market, shrinking market, slack market, sluggish market, soft market, sold-out market, stable market, stagnant market, static market, steady market, stiff market, strong market, technically strong market, technically weak market, tight market, wide market5) эк., амер. розничный магазин (обычно специализированный, напр., мясной, рыбный)6) эк., пол. рынок (принцип устройства экономической системы, предусматривающий свободное формирование цен под воздействием спроса и предложения)See:7) межд. эк. рынок (экономический союз нескольких стран, в основе которого лежит создание единого торгового пространства для товаров, услуг и факторов производства)ATTRIBUTES: common 1) а), single 2) а)
See:common market, single market, Andean Common Market, Arab Common Market, Central American Common Market, Central American Common Market, common market, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa2. гл.1) эк. продавать, реализовывать, распространятьto receive approval from X agency to market the product — получить разрешение от органа Х на распространение продукта
2) марк. осуществлять маркетинг, позиционировать, продвигатьE-mail is recognized as the easiest and cheapest way to market your organization, your programs, and your issues. — Электронная почта считается самым легким и недорогим способом продвижения [рекламирования\] вашей организации, ваших программ и вашей работы.
See:3. прил.1) эк. рыночныйAnt:market age, market animal, market livestock, market output, market place, market quality 1), market services, market stall, market weight 1)See:market activity 1), market behaviour 2), market capitalism, 1), market competition, market conduct, market discipline, market economy, market exchange, market fundamentalism, market ideology, market mechanism, market mode of coordination, market order of worth, market political culture, market sector 3), market socialism, market system, market transactionSee:market absorption, market acceptance, market activity 2), market appraisal, market area, market attractiveness, market attrition, market audience, market basket, market behaviour 1), market breadth, market break, market breakdown, market cap, market capacity, market capitalization, market challenger, 2), market clearance 2), market clearing, market communications, market composition, market concentration, market condition, market conditions 2), market coverage, market decline, market definition, market demand, market depth, market disequilibrium, market dominance, market dynamics, market equilibrium, market expectation, market expectations, market failure, market focus, market follower, market form, market glut, market grade, 1), market growth, market homogeneity, market interest rate, market intermediary, market jitters, market leader, market leadership, market level 2), market maker, market making, market needs, market nicher, market organization, market out, market participant, market partnership, market pattern, market position, market potential, market power, market presence, market pressure, market price, market profile, market quality 2), market quotation, market rate, market rate of interest, market range, market reaction, market requirements, market resistance, market response, market return, market satisfaction, market saturation, market segment, market selection, market sensitivity, market sentiment, market share, market situation 1), market size, market stability, market standard, market standing, market structure, market supply, market tone, market trader, market trend, market undertone, market user, market value, market value added, market volume, market weight 2) Market EyeSee:market analysis, market analyst, market approach, market arbitrage, market audit, market average, market barrier, market build-up, market channel, market clearance 1), market closing, market conditions 1), market conversion price, market cycle, market data, market development, market discount, market entry, market evidence, market exit, market expansion, market experiment, market exploration, market exposure, market factor, market fluctuation, market fluctuations, market forces, market forecast, market forecasting, 2), market hours, market incentive, market index, market indicator, market information, market inroad, market intelligence, market interface, market investigation, market letter, market level 1), market liquidity, market manager, market mapping, market matching, market maximization, market model, market modification, market movement, market multiple, market niche, market node, market opening, market opportunity, market order, market orientation, market outlet, market penetration, market performance, market period, market plan, market planning, market portfolio, market positioning, market prognosis, market ratio, market report, market research, market researcher, market reversal, market review, market risk, market rollout, market sector 1), &2, market segmentation, market selectivity, market sharing, market signal, market situation 2), market skimming, market specialist, market specialization, market stimulant, market strategy, market study, market survey, market sweep, market target, market targeting, market test, market testing, market timer, market timing2) эк. товарный, рыночный ( предназначенный для продажи на рынке)market fish — товарная рыба, рыба для продажи
market stock — товарный скот, скот для продажи
market vegetables — товарные овощи, овощи для продажи
Syn:marketable 3)See:market age, market animal, market livestock, market output, market place, market quality 1), market services, market stall, market weight 1)
* * *
market; Mkt; mart 1) рынок: организованная или неформальная система торговли товарами, услугами или финансовыми инструментами на основе четких правил (напр., фондовая биржа); 2) рыночные цены, состояние конъюнктуры; 3) совокупность людей или юридических лиц, предъявляющих текущий или потенциальный спрос на товары услуги; равнозначно спросу; 4) основные участники финансового рынка: дилеры, торгующие за свой счет, посредники и покупатели; 5) = marketplace; 6) рынок как столкновение спроса и предложения покупателей и продавцов, в результате которого определяется цена товара; 7) (to) продавать; см. marketing; 8) = market value; 9) "The Market"= Dow Jones Industrial Average.* * *рынок; рыночное хозяйство; рыночная экономика; рыночный механизм; спрос; конъюнктура. Как правило, употребляется применительно к фондовому рынку. 'Сегодня рынок упал' означает, что в этот день стоимость сделок на фондовом рынке снизилась . Инвестиционная деятельность .* * *организованное собрание/встреча людей, на которой происходит торговля ценными бумагами-----территория, на которой встречаются продавцы и покупатели, чтобы обменяться тем, что представляет ценность-----конъюнктурный обзор; бюллетень о состоянии рынка -
20 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.————————————————————————————————————————
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